What are independent and dependent variables?

The correct answer identifies the relationship between independent and dependent variables in a scientific or research context. The independent variable is the one that is purposely manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effects. In contrast, the dependent variable is the outcome that is measured to see how it is influenced by changes in the independent variable.

For example, if a researcher is studying the impact of a specific type of therapy (the independent variable) on the levels of anxiety in clients (the dependent variable), they would adjust the therapy and then measure corresponding changes in anxiety levels. This framework is fundamental to understanding experimental design, as it allows researchers to establish causal relationships between variables.

The other choices misrepresent the roles of these variables. For instance, stating that the dependent variable is manipulated contradicts the basic definitions, as it is the independent variable that should be manipulated. Similarly, claiming that independent variables are constants and that both variables are constants in a controlled experiment ignores the dynamic nature of research where independent variables are subject to modification to study their effects. Overall, recognizing the correct definition and relationship between these variables is crucial in research methods, especially for social work practice where understanding the influence of various factors on outcomes is essential.