Which of the following designs involves analyzing the same subjects over time for repeated measurements?

The design that involves analyzing the same subjects over time for repeated measurements is known as a panel study. This type of research allows for the collection of data from the same individuals at multiple points in time, enabling researchers to observe changes or trends in behavior, attitudes, or other measurements. By using the same subjects, panel studies help to control for individual differences, providing a clearer insight into how certain factors affect the same people at different stages. This longitudinal approach is particularly useful in social research, where understanding the dynamics of change is critical.

In contrast, a cohort study typically involves following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience over time but may not repeatedly measure the same subjects. A cross-sectional study captures a snapshot of a population at one specific point in time and does not involve tracking changes over time. An exploratory study is generally aimed at identifying research questions and hypotheses, rather than following subjects over time for data collection. The distinction of panel studies lies in their capacity for long-term observation and detailed analysis of individual behavior over time, which is essential in understanding the development and progression of social phenomena.